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Plain text

Moroz, G. (2021). “Pharyngeals”. In: Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD). Ed. by M. Daniel, K. Filatov, T. Maisak, G. Moroz, T. Mukhin, C. Naccarato and S. Verhees. Moscow: Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6807070. http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas.

BibTeX

@incollection{moroz2021,
  title = {Pharyngeals},
  author = {George Moroz},
  year = {2021},
  editor = {Michael Daniel and Konstantin Filatov and Timur Maisak and George Moroz and Timofey Mukhin and Chiara Naccarato and Samira Verhees},
  publisher = {Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE},
  address = {Moscow},
  booktitle = {Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD)},
  url = {http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6807070},
}

General chapter: Phonology

Pharyngeals in the Caucasus are covered extensively in the literature (Catford 1983; Kodzasov 1986, 1987; Colarusso 2013; Arkhipov et al. 2019; Beljaev 2021). Even thought there is a new model of laryngeal articulation (Esling 1996, 2005), it is hard to adjust data created within the old model to the new approach without a new acoustic study, therefor I will use the standard IPA model here, which distinguishes pharyngeals (ħ, ʕ) and epiglottals (ʜ, ʢ, ʡ).

The most common scenario is one place of articulation (or none): either pharyngeal or epiglottal, with a voiced and a voiceless consonant. The rest of the systems are connected to an epiglottal stop that is merged with different subsystems. There are also rare cases with just one pharyngeal consonant: ħ or ʢ.

Table 1. Inventories of pharyngeals and epiglottals

fricative inventory languages
ħ, ʕ, ʡ Avar, Dargwa
ħ, ʜ, ʡ Dargwa
ʜ, ʡ Chechen
ħ, ʡ Hinuq, Rutul, Tat
ħ Azerbaijani, Tsez
ħ, ʕ Akhvakh, Andi, Archi, Bezhta, Botlikh, Budukh, Chamalal, Dargwa, Godoberi, Hunzib, Ingush, Karata, Khinalug, Khwarshi, Kryz, Tindi, Tsova-Tush
none Armenian, Georgian, Karata, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgian, Nogai, Tabasaran, Tsakhur, Udi

References

Arkhipov, A., Daniel, M., Belyaev, O., Moroz, G., Esling, J. H. (2019). A reinterpretation of lower-vocal-tract articulations in Caucasian languages. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019, 5–9. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science; Technology Association Inc.
Beljaev, O. I. (2021). Dva tipa faringalizacii v širinskom darginskom: predvaritelʹnye nabljudenija [Two types of pharyngealization in Shiri Dargwa: First results]. In T. A. Majsak, N. R. Sumbatova, Ja. G. Testelec (Eds.), Durxʺasi xazna. Sbornik statej k 60-letiju R. O. Mutalova (pp. 18–29). Moscow: Buki Vedi.
Catford, J. C. (1983). Pharyngeal and laryngeal sounds in Caucasian languages. In D. M. Bless, J. H. Abbs (Eds.), Vocal Fold Physiology: Contemporary Research and Clinical Issues (pp. 344–350). San Diego, CA: College Hill Press.
Colarusso, J. (2013). The Typology of Gutturals. In J. L. Léonard, S. Naïm (Eds.), Base Articulatoire Arrière: Backing and Backness (pp. 93–109). Munich: LINCOM Europa.
Esling, J. H. (1996). Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26(2), 65–88.
Esling, J. H. (2005). There are no back vowels: The larygeal articulator model. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique, 50(1-4), 13–44.
Kodzasov, S. V. (1986). Faringo-laringalʹnoe suženie v dagestanskix jazykax. In G. A. Klimov (Ed.), Aktualʹnye problemy dagestansko-naxskogo jazykoznanija (pp. 344–350). Makhachkala: Dag. fil. AN SSSR.
Kodzasov, S. V. (1987). Pharyngeal features in the Daghestan languages. Proceedings of the Xith International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 2, 142–144. Tallinn: Acad. of Sciences of the Est. S.S.R.
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Typological Atlas of the languages of Daghestan (TALD) is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 International License.

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