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Plain text

Melenchenko, M. (2022). “Presence of the numeral marker in the numeral ‘20’”. In: Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD). Ed. by M. Daniel, K. Filatov, T. Maisak, G. Moroz, T. Mukhin, C. Naccarato and S. Verhees. Moscow: Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6807070. http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas.

BibTeX

@incollection{melenchenko2022,
  title = {Presence of the numeral marker in the numeral ‘20’},
  author = {Maksim Melenchenko},
  year = {2022},
  editor = {Michael Daniel and Konstantin Filatov and Timur Maisak and George Moroz and Timofey Mukhin and Chiara Naccarato and Samira Verhees},
  publisher = {Linguistic Convergence Laboratory, NRU HSE},
  address = {Moscow},
  booktitle = {Typological Atlas of the Languages of Daghestan (TALD)},
  url = {http://lingconlab.ru/dagatlas},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6807070},
}

1 Introduction

This chapter is dedicated to the presence of the numeral marker in the numeral ‘20’ across the East Caucasian family and neighboring languages.

2 Results

In the majority of the East Caucasian languages, the number ‘20’ is expressed with a monomorphemic root, as shown in (1). In some of these languages, it carries the numeral marker, in some it does not.

  1. Northern Akhvakh (Magomedbekova 1967: 40)
    q’endo-da-be
    twenty-num-cm
    ‘20’

In other languages ‘20’ is expressed decimally, derived from the roots ‘two’ and ‘ten’, as in other crowns (‘30’—‘90’), see (2). In these cases, I suggest that it is irrelevant to note whether the marker is present, since its presence is defined by properties of crowns and discussed in a separate section. ‘20’ is derived decimally in most Avar-Andic languages and it is never derived decimally in languages of other branches.

  1. Botlikh (Saidova 2001: 225)
    k’a-c’a-da
    two-ten-num
    ‘20’

In Hinuq of the Tsezic languages, it seems that the numeral ‘20’ has the numeral marker only when multiplied, i.e. in ‘40’, ‘60’, and ‘80’ but not in ‘20’ itself, as exemplified by (3). (Forker 2013: 394) claims that, for example, it is used in the numeral ‘40’, which is derived vigesimally. However, in Tsezic languages it is hard to distinguish the additive suffix and the numeral marker. They coincide, and their relation to one another in diachrony is unclear. (Forker 2013: 394) marks -no after the root ‘twenty’ in the numeral ‘40’ as the additive suffix but gives no explanation with respect to its presence. Following her interpretation, on the map Hinuq is marked as a language in which ‘20’ does not receive the marker.

  1. Hinuq (Forker 2013: 394)
    qu
    twenty
    ‘20’
    qu=no oc’e-no
    twenty=add ten-num
    ‘30’
    q’o-no qu=no
    two-num twenty=add
    ‘40’

3 Distribution

Many languages of the family use numeral markers with ‘20’. No areal distribution can be shown.

List of glosses

add — additive; cm — class marker; num — numeral

References

Forker, D. (2013). A grammar of Hinuq. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Magomedbekova, Z. M. (1967). Axvaxskij jazyk [Akhvakh]. Tbilisi: Mecniereba.
Saidova, P. A. (2001). Botlixskij jazyk [Botlikh]. In Jazyki Rossijskoj Federacii i sosednix gosudarstv. Ènciklopedija v trex tomax [The languages of Russia and adjacent states. Encyclopaedia in three volumes] (pp. 222–228). Moscow: Academia.
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Typological Atlas of the languages of Daghestan (TALD) is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 International License.

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